The Most Common Places for Water Leaks: Where to Investigate First – monthyear

The Most Common Places for Water Leaks: Where to Investigate First

Water leaks most often start where Bucks County homeowners least expect them — quietly draining thousands of gallons from toilets with failing flappers in Doylestown colonials, corroding under kitchen and bathroom sinks in Newtown Township ranch homes, seeping through aging washing machine hoses in Levittown split-levels, or creeping beneath concrete slabs and buried yard lines across the rolling landscapes of New Hope, Perkasie, and Quakertown. The region’s dramatic seasonal swings — from frozen January pipe-bursting temperatures along the Delaware Canal corridor to the sweltering, humid summers that accelerate rubber gasket deterioration throughout Bensalem and Bristol — create conditions that push plumbing systems harder than in more temperate climates. Older housing stock in communities like Langhorne, Warminster, and Chalfont, much of it built during the post-war construction boom of the 1950s and 1960s, carries galvanized steel and early copper supply lines that are now well past their expected service life. The region’s high water table, particularly in low-lying areas near Neshaminy Creek, Pennypack Creek, and the Delaware River floodplain, compounds slab leak and foundation seepage risks for thousands of homeowners. Your water meter at the curb, your PECO or Aqua Pennsylvania utility bills, and soggy lawn patches in your Bucks County yard are telling you something long before the damage becomes visible inside your walls, beneath your floors, or under your foundation. Stick with us and we’ll show you exactly where to look — and what to do when you find it.

The Real Damage Water Leaks Cause at Home

Water leaks are sneaky — Bucks County homeowners often brush them off as minor inconveniences, but the destruction they cause behind the scenes tells a very different story. A trickling toilet alone can waste up to 9,000 litres yearly, quietly inflating water bills already stretched by service providers like Aqua Pennsylvania and the Bucks County Water and Sewer Authority. For families in Doylestown, Newtown, Langhorne, or Yardley, that silent waste adds up fast — especially in older colonial-style homes and historic properties throughout the county where aging plumbing infrastructure is the norm rather than the exception.

Meanwhile, hidden moisture is rotting structural wood, warping drywall, and setting the stage for mold that costs thousands to remediate. Bucks County’s humid Mid-Atlantic climate — with its heavy spring rainfall, muggy summers, and freeze-thaw cycles throughout winter months — accelerates this damage dramatically. Homes near the Delaware River in New Hope, Morrisville, and Yardley face heightened moisture exposure due to the region’s natural flood-prone geography, making interior leak vulnerabilities even more dangerous. The damp conditions that make Bucks County’s landscape so lush and green are the same conditions that turn a slow drip behind a bathroom wall into a full-scale mold remediation project — threatening the respiratory health of your entire household.

It gets worse. Water creeping near electrical wiring creates real fire and electrocution risks that homeowners rarely consider until it’s too late. In Bucks County’s older housing stock — particularly the 18th and 19th-century stone farmhouses and century-old rowhomes found throughout Quakertown, Bristol, and Perkasie — outdated wiring systems and original plumbing lines often run in dangerously close proximity. Local fire departments across municipalities including Doylestown Borough, Warminster, and Bensalem respond to water-related electrical incidents more frequently than most residents realize.

Underground leaks present another serious threat unique to the region. The clay-heavy soil composition found throughout much of Bucks County erodes and shifts unpredictably when saturated, undermining slab and crawlspace foundations with alarming speed. Properties on hillside lots in Buckingham, Solebury, and New Britain — areas prized for their scenic countryside settings — are particularly vulnerable to the soil erosion and foundation compromise that undetected underground pipe failures cause. What begins as a hairline crack in a supply line can quietly become a full excavation project costing tens of thousands of dollars, disrupting beautifully landscaped yards and driveways that define the county’s well-kept residential character.

These aren’t hypothetical worst-case scenarios for Bucks County residents — they’re exactly what happens when leaks are ignored long enough in a region where climate, soil, aging housing stock, and proximity to waterways all compound the risk. Whether you own a craftsman bungalow in Chalfont, a townhome in Richboro, or a riverfront property in Lambertville-adjacent Lower Makefield, early leak detection isn’t optional. It’s essential.

Where Water Leaks Most Often Start Indoors and Out

Knowing where leaks typically begin gives Bucks County homeowners a real advantage before serious damage takes hold. Whether you’re in a historic Colonial-era home in New Hope, a newer development in Newtown Township, or a converted farmhouse near Doylestown, indoor and outdoor sources each have their own telltale signs. Spotting them early saves thousands in repairs — and in a county where older housing stock meets hard Pennsylvania winters, that knowledge matters even more.

Bucks County’s dramatic seasonal swings — from humid summers along the Delaware River corridor to freeze-thaw cycles that stress pipes from Quakertown down through Langhorne — create conditions where leaks form quietly and spread fast.

Here’s where residents should investigate first:

• Toilets – Silent tank-to-bowl leaks waste up to 9,000 liters yearly without a single visible drip. In older Bucks County homes — particularly those in Bristol Borough, Perkasie, or the historic districts of Yardley — aging flapper valves and original porcelain fixtures are especially prone to this hidden waste
• Kitchen sinks and dishwashers – Check fittings and hoses for pooled water or warped cabinet bottoms. Homes in Buckingham Township and Upper Makefield, where well water systems introduce variable pressure, often see accelerated fitting wear
• Washing machines – Bulging hoses and corroded connections behind the appliance are common culprits, particularly in finished basement laundry areas common across Warminster, Warrington, and Chalfont developments
• Outdoor irrigation lines – Soggy lawn patches or sudden bill spikes signal buried leaks underground. Across Bucks County’s sprawling residential lots — especially in New Britain, Richland Township, and the Bucks County countryside near Tyler State Park — underground irrigation systems serve large yards and are frequently damaged by frost heave or root intrusion from mature hardwood trees

Bucks County Water and Sewer Authority customers and those served by North Penn Water Authority or Aqua Pennsylvania should also watch utility bills closely — unexplained spikes are often the first sign of a buried or silent leak.

Local plumbers serving communities throughout the county, including those familiar with the region’s mix of public water systems and private wells, can perform pressure tests that pinpoint problems before they escalate.

We don’t need to wait for a crisis. Knowing these hotspots — and understanding how Bucks County’s climate, housing age, and infrastructure shape where leaks begin — keeps every homeowner one step ahead.

Warning Signs a Water Leak Is Already Happening

Leaks rarely announce themselves — they hide behind walls, under floors, and beneath lawns until the damage is already done. But they do leave clues, and for homeowners across Bucks County, Pennsylvania, knowing those clues can mean the difference between a minor repair and a major restoration project.

A water bill that suddenly spikes through Bucks County Water and Sewer Authority (BCWSA) service, or a meter that keeps moving with every fixture shut off, tells you water is going somewhere it shouldn’t. Residents in Doylestown, Newtown, Langhorne, and Levittown should check their BCWSA or local municipal water authority statements closely each month, especially after the region’s harsh freeze-thaw cycles in winter, when underground pipes and supply lines take significant stress. Bucks County’s cold Pennsylvania winters — where temperatures routinely dip below freezing from December through February — expand and contract pipe joints repeatedly, creating slow leaks that build undetected for weeks.

Inside your home, watch for brown ceiling stains, bubbling or peeling paint, musty odors, or the sound of running water when everything’s turned off. These signs are especially relevant in Bucks County’s older housing stock — the colonial-era and mid-century homes that define neighborhoods in New Hope, Bristol, Quakertown, and Perkasie often feature aging copper or galvanized steel plumbing that corrodes over time. Check under kitchen and bathroom cabinets for standing puddles, and pay close attention to soft, warped, or buckling flooring near bathrooms, laundry rooms, or kitchens.

Homes along the Delaware River corridor, including those in Yardley, Morrisville, and New Hope, also face elevated humidity levels that can accelerate moisture damage once a hidden leak begins.

Outside, soggy patches on your lawn, unusually green or lush strips of grass cutting across your yard, or uneven and cracked pavement above buried water or sewer lines are red flags that demand immediate attention. In Bucks County’s older townships and boroughs — including Doylestown Borough, Bristol Borough, and Telford — aging underground infrastructure means main supply lines and lateral connections are more prone to slow leaks beneath driveways, sidewalks, and landscaped yards. Properties in rural parts of the county, such as Plumstead Township, Bedminster Township, and Tinicum Township, that rely on private wells should also monitor their pressure tanks and well pump cycling times, as unusual activity often signals a leak somewhere in the system pulling water continuously.

Bucks County’s mix of river floodplains, clay-heavy soils in the Piedmont region, and dense tree canopies in communities like Wrightstown and Buckingham adds another layer of complexity — tree roots actively seek out water sources and will infiltrate aging pipe joints, while saturated clay soils can mask soggy ground caused by underground leaks, making visual detection harder. The sooner you connect these warning signs to a licensed Pennsylvania plumber or a local Bucks County plumbing and leak detection service, the less damage, expense, and disruption you’ll be dealing with later.

How to Check for a Water Leak Yourself

Catching a leak early starts with a few simple checks you can do yourself — no plumber required. Think of it as a mini investigation — and your home’s clues are everywhere.

For Bucks County homeowners, this matters more than most realize. Whether you’re in a century-old stone farmhouse in New Hope, a colonial in Doylestown, a townhome in Newtown, or a split-level near Warminster, the region’s aging infrastructure, freeze-thaw cycles along the Delaware River corridor, and hard water running through much of the county’s municipal systems all quietly accelerate pipe wear and hidden water damage.

Bucks County’s climate swings — from brutal January cold snaps that freeze supply lines in older homes in Quakertown and Perkasie to humid summers that stress seals and gaskets in crawl spaces throughout Lower Makefield and Middletown Township — make routine leak checks a seasonal necessity, not just a one-time precaution.

Homes built during the postwar development boom across Bristol Township and Levittown are particularly vulnerable, with original plumbing systems now decades past their expected lifespan.

Start with these proven methods:

• Meter test: Turn off everything, record your water meter, wait an hour, and check again — any movement signals a hidden leak. Bucks County residents served by North Penn Water Authority, Aqua Pennsylvania, or Warminster Municipal Authority can cross-reference unusual usage spikes directly through their utility portals or billing statements. Many municipalities in the county have also upgraded to smart meters that flag abnormal consumption patterns automatically.
• Toilet dye test: Drop food coloring in the tank and watch the bowl for 10 minutes — color transfer means your flapper’s failing. In older Doylestown Borough rowhomes and historic properties in Newtown Borough, original toilet hardware is commonly still in place and fails silently for months before homeowners notice a change in their quarterly bill.
• Under-sink inspection: Look for pooled water, warped cabinets, or corrosion beneath kitchen and bathroom sinks, dishwashers, and water heaters. Homes throughout Bucks County’s older boroughs — including Langhorne, Morrisville, and Bristol — frequently have galvanized or early copper supply lines under sinks that corrode from the inside out, making visual checks beneath cabinets especially important even when there are no obvious signs of dripping.
• Yard walkthrough: Soggy patches, unusually green grass, or a spiking water bill often point to underground line leaks. For properties along the rural stretches of Route 413, in Buckingham Township, or backing up to preserved farmland through Bucks County’s agricultural easement corridors, private well and lateral line leaks can go undetected for extended periods. Similarly, homeowners near Tyler State Park or the wooded lots of Solebury Township should watch for unexplained erosion or sinkholes near water meter boxes, which are frequently buried under significant landscaping in these areas.

Bucks County’s active real estate market — particularly in high-demand communities like Doylestown, New Hope, and the townships feeding into the Central Bucks School District — means homes change hands regularly, and not all buyers commission thorough plumbing inspections before closing.

If you’ve recently purchased a home anywhere from Sellersville down through Yardley, running through these checks within your first season of ownership can catch inherited problems before they become five-figure repairs. Local plumbing companies serving the county, including those based out of Chalfont, Warminster, and Langhorne, consistently report that the most expensive water damage claims they encounter trace back to small, detectable leaks that were never caught early.

When a Water Leak Needs a Professional

While most Bucks County homeowners can handle a dripping faucet or a running toilet, some leaks signal something far more serious — and that’s when it’s time to call in a licensed plumber serving the greater Delaware Valley region.

Bucks County presents a distinct set of challenges that go well beyond what most Pennsylvania homeowners typically face. The county’s dramatic range of housing stock — from mid-century Levittown tract homes built in the late 1940s with original cast-iron and galvanized steel piping, to 18th and 19th-century stone farmhouses throughout Buckingham, Solebury, and New Hope, to newer developments in Warminster, Warrington, and Newtown Township — means leak detection and repair is rarely a one-size-fits-all situation.

The region’s mature tree canopy, particularly in heavily wooded communities like Wrightstown, Upper Makefield, and along the heavily landscaped corridors of Route 202 and Route 263, creates persistent root intrusion problems in older clay and cast-iron sewer laterals. Silver maple, Norway maple, and willow trees — all common throughout Bucks County’s residential neighborhoods — are especially aggressive in seeking out moisture from underground pipes. Homeowners near Core Creek Park in Middletown Township, along the Delaware Canal towpath communities, and throughout the New Hope–Lambertville corridor should be especially vigilant about irrigation and sewer line health given the density of mature hardwoods on these properties.

Bucks County’s location within the Pennsylvania Piedmont also means significant clay-heavy and rocky soil composition, particularly in the upper county townships of Nockamixon, Bedminster, and Plumstead. This geology makes underground leak detection more complex and can cause shifting soil pressure that stresses pipe joints over time. In lower Bucks County communities like Bristol Borough, Tullytown, and Bensalem — areas closer to the Delaware River floodplain — hydrostatic pressure and seasonal soil saturation create additional risk for foundation seepage and slab leaks following heavy rain events common to the Mid-Atlantic storm season.

The county’s four-season climate adds further complexity. Winters along the I-95 and Route 1 corridors bring enough freeze-thaw cycling to crack exposed or poorly insulated pipes in crawlspaces, and the region frequently experiences ice storms and nor’easters that overwhelm gutters and cause water to migrate behind walls in older construction. Spring snowmelt combined with the region’s heavy clay soils can saturate yards in Chalfont, Jamison, and Doylestown Borough, making it difficult to distinguish between surface drainage issues and genuine underground pipe failures without professional diagnostic tools.

Older homes in historic Bucks County communities — including the Doylestown Historic District, the Delaware River towns of New Hope, Yardley, and Bristol, and the farmhouse estates throughout Buckingham and Solebury townships — often present with mixed plumbing generations, where lead service lines, galvanized iron supply pipes, and Orangeburg sewer pipe may still exist beneath original wide-plank floors or behind horsehair plaster walls. These materials fail differently and require professionals with specific historic rehabilitation experience and familiarity with Pennsylvania DEP regulations, Bucks County Health Department guidelines, and local municipal authority requirements.

Stubborn irrigation leaks are a particular concern in Bucks County’s affluent suburban communities, where larger lot sizes in townships like New Britain, Buckingham, and Upper Makefield support extensive in-ground irrigation systems that can run undetected for entire growing seasons, dramatically spiking water bills from the Bucks County Water and Sewer Authority or local municipal water providers like Doylestown Borough Water Department and the North Penn Water Authority, which serves portions of the county’s southern municipalities.

If your dye test or meter check confirms a leak you can’t locate, don’t guess — professionals using acoustic sensors, ground-penetrating radar, and infrared cameras will find it faster and prevent far costlier structural damage, especially in Bucks County’s aging housing stock where undetected moisture intrusion can rapidly compromise original fieldstone foundations, hand-hewn timber framing, and the irreplaceable historic fabric that makes properties throughout this county uniquely valuable.

Frequently Asked Questions

How Do I Figure Out Where a Water Leak Is Coming From?

Finding a water leak in your Bucks County home starts at your water meter — the type and location of which will vary depending on whether you’re served by a municipal provider like Aqua Pennsylvania, the Bucks County Water and Sewer Authority (BCWSA), or a private well system common in the more rural townships of Nockamixon, Haycock, or Springfield. Shut off all water in the home, note the exact meter reading, then wait two hours without using any water. If the dial or digital display moves, you have a hidden leak somewhere in your system.

This matters especially for Bucks County homeowners because the region’s older housing stock — particularly in historic Newtown Borough, Doylestown, Langhorne, and Bristol — includes aging cast iron pipes, galvanized steel lines, and original plumbing infrastructure from homes built in the 1800s and early 1900s. These systems are far more prone to pinhole leaks, joint failures, and corrosion.

Next, check every toilet in the house using a dye tablet or a few drops of food coloring in the tank. Bucks County homes with hard water drawn from the Delaware River watershed or local limestone aquifers experience accelerated flapper and seal deterioration. If color appears in the bowl without flushing, the flapper is leaking.

Move to sinks, checking cabinet floors and supply line connections beneath vanities. Then inspect ceilings — particularly on the first floor beneath upstairs bathrooms — for yellow or brown water stains, soft drywall, or bubbling paint, all common signs of a slow ongoing leak. Homes near the Delaware Canal State Park corridor and in low-lying areas of Bristol Township and Tullytown also face additional groundwater intrusion and hydrostatic pressure issues that can mimic interior plumbing leaks but require entirely different remediation.

How Much Would a Plumber Charge to Investigate a Leak?

Bucks County homeowners — whether in Doylestown, Newtown, Lansdale, Perkasie, or Quakertown — should expect to pay between $75 and $200 for a diagnostic call-out fee, with labor rates running $45 to $150 per hour. Advanced leak detection equipment, such as thermal imaging cameras, acoustic listening devices, or hydrostatic pressure testing tools, can add another $150 to $500 to the bill. However, many local licensed plumbers and plumbing companies operating throughout Bucks County — including those serving Bristol, Doylestown Borough, Chalfont, Warminster, and Yardley — will waive the diagnostic fee entirely if you move forward with the repair work.

Bucks County residents face some specific challenges that can directly influence leak investigation costs. The region’s older housing stock, particularly the historic Colonial and Victorian-era homes found throughout New Hope, Langhorne, and Bristol Borough, often contains aging cast iron, galvanized steel, or clay pipes that are far more prone to leaks and significantly harder to diagnose than modern PEX or copper plumbing systems. The Delaware Canal and the area’s proximity to the Delaware River also means that homes in flood-prone zones near Yardley, New Hope, and Morrisville may experience groundwater intrusion that complicates accurate leak detection.

Bucks County’s harsh winters — with temperatures regularly dropping well below freezing — create a recurring freeze-thaw cycle that stresses pipe joints, slab foundations, and underground supply lines, particularly in rural townships like Bedminster, Nockamixon, and Hilltown. Spring thaws following heavy snowfall can mask slow leaks behind walls or beneath concrete slabs in homes across Warrington, Horsham, and Hatboro, making professional diagnostic tools not just helpful but often essential.

Local plumbers licensed through the Pennsylvania State Plumbing Inspection Division and familiar with Bucks County’s specific soil composition, older municipal water systems, and private well setups — common in Springfield Township, Durham, and Tinicum — are better equipped to identify leaks that generalist contractors might miss. Homeowners with properties on septic systems in the more rural stretches of upper Bucks County, including Milford Township and Richland Township, may face additional diagnostic complexity and cost when determining whether a leak originates within the interior plumbing or the exterior lateral lines.

What Are the Two Most Common Leak Detection Tests?

The two most common leak detection tests recommended for Bucks County, Pennsylvania homeowners are the water meter test and the toilet dye test—both are free, easy, and can reveal hidden leaks before they drain your wallet and drive up your water bills from local providers like Aqua Pennsylvania or the Bucks County Water and Sewer Authority (BCWSA).

In communities like Doylestown, Newtown, Langhorne, Yardley, Bristol, Quakertown, Perkasie, and New Hope, older housing stock—including the region’s many historic Colonial and Victorian-era homes—often contains aging plumbing systems that are especially prone to undetected leaks. The freeze-thaw cycles that Bucks County experiences throughout its harsh winters, particularly in elevated areas near Tohickon Valley and Nockamixon State Park, cause pipes to contract and expand, quietly creating micro-fractures that the water meter test is specifically designed to catch.

The water meter test involves shutting off all water fixtures inside and outside your home, recording your meter reading, waiting 1–2 hours without using any water, and rechecking the meter. If the numbers have moved, you have a leak. For properties near the Delaware River in towns like New Hope or Yardley, where groundwater levels and moisture saturation are naturally higher, even minor pipe deterioration can accelerate rapidly without early detection.

The toilet dye test involves dropping a dye tablet or a few drops of food coloring into your toilet tank—without flushing—and waiting 15 minutes to see if color appears in the bowl. If it does, your flapper valve is leaking, silently wasting thousands of gallons annually. In high-traffic households near Bucks County’s top-rated school districts, including Central Bucks School District and Council Rock School District, where large families are common, toilets see heavy daily use, making flapper degradation a frequent and costly problem.

With Bucks County’s growing population expanding across developments in Warminster, Horsham, Warrington, and Chalfont, municipal water systems face increasing demand, making individual household conservation through leak detection more important than ever. Both tests take under two hours, cost nothing, and protect Bucks County homeowners from the structural damage and inflated utility costs that undetected leaks routinely cause across every township in the county.

How Do You Find Where a Water Leak Is Coming From?

Tracking down a water leak in a Bucks County home starts at the water meter—typically found near the curb or sidewalk along your street, whether you’re in a Doylestown Borough colonial, a Newtown Township new construction, or a century-old farmhouse along River Road in New Hope. Shut off every water-using fixture and appliance inside the house, then watch the meter’s leak indicator dial or low-flow triangle. If it’s spinning, you have a hidden leak somewhere between that meter and your home’s main shutoff valve.

From there, work inward systematically. Check every toilet by dropping food coloring into the tank—if color seeps into the bowl without flushing, the flapper is failing, a common issue in older Perkasie and Quakertown homes with aging plumbing systems. Move under every sink cabinet in kitchens and bathrooms, inspecting supply lines, drain connections, and garbage disposal seals, paying close attention in older split-levels throughout Levittown and Bristol Township where original 1950s plumbing may still be partially intact.

Inspect appliances next—dishwashers, refrigerator ice makers, washing machines, and water heaters. Bucks County’s hard water, particularly in areas served by well systems throughout Buckingham, Plumstead, and Bedminster Townships, accelerates mineral buildup that corrodes water heater tanks and supply line fittings faster than homeowners expect.

Look upward at ceilings and walls for water staining, bubbling paint, or soft drywall—warning signs especially relevant in older Langhorne and Yardley homes where galvanized pipes have spent decades quietly rusting from the inside out. If your home sits near the Delaware River floodplain in communities like Morrisville, Tullytown, or Bensalem Township, elevated moisture levels throughout the structure can sometimes disguise active plumbing leaks as general humidity damage, making careful inspection even more critical.

Finally, step outside. Walk the full perimeter of your property checking for soggy ground, unexplained muddy patches, or sections of grass that stay vivid green through Bucks County’s dry mid-summer stretches in July and August when neighboring lawn sections turn brown. Unusually lush growth along a straight path from your meter to your foundation almost always signals a main service line leak underground. Properties on larger rural lots in Hilltown, Durham, and Tinicum Townships should also check around irrigation systems, outdoor hose bibs, and any outbuildings connected to the main water supply, as long pipe runs across large properties create more failure points that often go unnoticed for extended periods.

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Water leaks don’t wait for a convenient time to cause damage—they spread, they hide, and they get expensive fast. In Bucks County, Pennsylvania, where historic stone farmhouses in Doylestown sit alongside colonial-era rowhouses in New Hope and newer developments in Newtown and Warminster, the range of home construction styles means leak risks vary widely depending on where you live and how old your property is. The region’s humid summers, freeze-thaw winter cycles, and heavy spring rainfall from nor’easters and seasonal storms create conditions that stress plumbing systems, roofing, foundations, and drainage infrastructure year after year.

Homeowners near the Delaware Canal State Park corridor and low-lying areas along the Delaware River in towns like Yardley, Morrisville, and New Hope face added concerns around groundwater intrusion and basement flooding, particularly after significant rain events that push local waterways toward flood stage. Properties in Perkasie, Quakertown, and Sellersville, many of which were built decades ago, often contend with aging galvanized or cast-iron pipes that corrode from the inside out before any visible sign of a problem appears. In Langhorne, Levittown, and Bristol, post-war-era construction means plumbing and roofing systems are frequently past their reliable service life.

Now that you know where to look and what to watch for, you’re ahead of the problem. Check the common spots—supply lines under kitchen and bathroom sinks, toilet base seals, water heater connections, roof flashing around chimneys and skylights, sump pump discharge lines, and exterior hose bibs that take a beating through Bucks County’s hard winters. Trust the warning signs, whether that’s a spike in your Pennsylvania American Water bill, soft spots in drywall, musty odors in a finished basement, or frost damage on exterior walls. Don’t hesitate to call a licensed plumber or water damage restoration professional operating in the Bucks County area when something feels off. Catching a leak early isn’t just smart—it’s the difference between a quick fix and a costly disaster that no homeowner in Doylestown, Chalfont, or anywhere across Bucks County wants to face.